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1993-05-10
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COURIER HST
APPENDIX A
ERROR/FLOW CONTROL CONCEPTS
At 2400 and 1200 bps, the Courier HST uses the MNP error control
protocol, Service Levels 1-5. MNP was originally developed by
Microcom, Inc. and is now in the public domain. At 9600, 7200
and 4800 bps the modem uses similar, compatible error control
procedures developed by USRobotics.
In USRobotics implementations, we use the general term ARQ
(automatic repeat request) to denote a connection under error
control. Error-free data transmission is ensured through two
features:
o error-detection and retransmission techniques;
o data buffering and flow control.
NOTE: As with all protocols, error control only works when the
Courier HST connects with another modem that implements the same
protocol.
MNP LEVEL NEGOTIATION
When the modems negotiate an ARQ connection, they indicate their
highest of the first three Service Levels, 3, 2, or 1, and agree
to operate at the highest possible level. The Courier HST
indicates Level 3 in its MNP error-control parameter. If
necessary, the Courier drops back to meet the requirements of the
other modem. This establishes the error-control (ARQ)
connection.
Levels 4 and 5, which enhance throughput performance, are only
possible if an ARQ connection is established. The Courier
negotiates for a Level 4 connection, with the longer, streamlined
transmission frames described below. Whether or not Level 4 is
agreed upon, the Courier also negotiates for a Level 5 connection
(data compression). It's possible for an ARQ connection to be at
Level 1, 2 or 3, with or without Level 4 and/or Level 5.
Throughput
Chapters 3 and 4 include recommended modem settings and file-
transfer guidelines for gaining maximum throughput. The
following descriptions of MNP Levels 1-5 include achievable
throughput statistics.
A-1
COURIER HST
Level 1
This level, often called Block Mode, supports half-duplex (one
way at a time) transmission. The sending modem transmits a block
of data and waits for an acknowledgment from the receiving modem
before sending the next.
Level 1 is the slowest and is included because some computer
equipment is restricted to either sending or receiving at any one
time. This mode of operation is usually observed in
communications between terminals rather than in terminal-to-
computer or computer-to-computer links.
Level 2
This level, often called Stream Mode, supports full-duplex
transmission in which data flows in both directions at the same
time. Throughput at Level 2, due to protocol overhead, achieves
about 84% of the throughput of a normal modem, or approximately
202 characters per second (cps) at 2400 bps.
Level 3
Level 3 incorporates Level 2 and is more efficient. Modems
sending at Level 3 strip the Start and Stop bits from the data
characters and transmit the data across the link in bit format,
as in synchronous transmission, rather than in character format.
The receiving modem reinserts the Start and Stop bits for each
character before passing the data to the receiving computer or
terminal.
This procedure offsets the protocol overhead loss so that
throughput is about 108% that of a normal modem. Under optimal
conditions, two Level 3 modems operating at 2400 bps can exchange
data at approximately 254 characters per second.
A-2
COURIER HST
Level 4
At this level, the information in the headers of transmission
frames is streamlined to eliminate some of the protocol overhead.
In addition, the size of the frames is greater than with Level 3.
The results in characters per second (cps) are as follows. These
reflect operations without the data compression available with
MNP Level 5.
Characters per Second
Link Rate Level 3 Level 4
9600 1100 1160
2400 254 276
In general, with Level 4 you can expect a throughput gain of 5%,
although actual throughput depends on the type of call. Gains on
long-link satellite calls can range from 25-50%.
Level 5
Under data compression, the sending modem detects redundant units
of data and recodes them into shorter units of fewer bits.
Examples include the frequent occurrences of spaces, control
characers, or the characters e and s in ASCII text files. The
receiving modem decompresses the redundant data units before
passing them to the receiving computer/terminal.
With data compression, throughput of up to 19.2k bps is possible.
Achievable throughput rates for different kinds of files, in
characters per second (cps), are shown in the following table.
The table assumes the following optimal conditions:
o DTE rate set at 19.2k bps; modem set to &B1
o Connection (link) rate of 9600 bps
o Level 4 also enabled (longer transmission frames)
o Straight data (e.g., not already compressed, no file-
transfer protocol)
o Transmission from a fast (e.g., 286) computer
A-3
COURIER HST
File Type Throughput (cps)
Assembler or Compiler Listing 1920
Text file 1550-1750
Binary file: .EXE 1450-1600
Binary file: .COM 1400-1500
.ARC files (common on BBS's) 1000-1100*
Random binary 8-bit 975-1050*
*As mentioned on Page 4-2, these files are already
compressed or appear to the modem to be compressed. If they
undergo additional data compression, they become longer.
ERROR DETECTION/RETRANSMISSION
During an ARQ connection the transmitting modem divides the data
it receives from the computer or terminal into blocks, and
attaches header and trailer information. The result is called a
frame, as shown in Figure A.1.
Figure A.1 -- Transmission Frame
Included in the header or trailer are a frame number and block-
size information as well as a frame-check code. This last code
is derived by the sending modem through an algorithm performed on
all of the data in the frame. The technique is called cyclic-
redundancy checking (CRC).
The receiving modem performs the same computation and checks to
see if its results match the received CRC code. If the results
match, the receiving modem sends a positive acknowledgement to
the sending modem. Meanwhile, the sending modem keeps a copy of
all frames it sends until each is positively acknowledged.
If the CRC codes don't match, the receiving modem initiates the
automatic repeat request (ARQ) procedure. The receiving modem
tells the sending modem which frame is in error, and doesn't
accept any more frames until the frame in question is received
correctly. The sending modem goes back to the specified frame,
retransmits it, and continues from there. In this way the
protocol protects against errors and also ensures that the data
arrives in sequence.
FLOW CONTROL
The modem stores data from the DTE in its Transmit buffer, and
data received from a remote system in its Receive buffer, as
shown in Figure A.2.
A-4
COURIER HST
Figure A.2 -- Flow Control Buffer
Separate commands enable Transmit Data flow control (&Hn) and
Received Data flow control (&In, &Rn). Chapter 4 contains
instructions on when and how to use these commands.
Flow Control Examples
The labels used in the following examples indicate the following
devices:
DTE Data Terminal Equipment: the computer or terminal to which
a modem is attached.
DCE Data Communications Equipment: the Courier or remote modem.
Example 1 -- Transmit Data
The &Hn command allows you to select software flow control,
hardware flow control, or both. Hardware flow control is most
reliable and is recommended, if possible. Under hardware control
the modem raises or lowers the Clear to Send (CTS) signal via the
RS-232C interface. Under software flow control the modem sends
the DTE the ASCII XON/XOFF characters described in Chapter 4.
Figure A.3 -- Transmit Flow Control
Assume that there are disturbances on the line (line hits) and
DCE2, the receiving modem, detects a transmitted frame error.
DCE2 tells DCE1 to retransmit the frame and accepts no additional
frames until it receives the affected frame correctly.
Meanwhile, the computer/terminal (DTE1) continues sending to
DCE1, and data backs up in the Transmit buffer. As the buffer
approaches capacity, DCE1 signals DTE1 to stop sending data.
DCE1 also retransmits the specified frame and continues
transmitting. When enough data is transmitted to half empty the
buffer, DCE1 signals DTE1 to resume sending data.
As mentioned in Chapter 4, Transmit Data flow control is also
essential if the DTE is set to send to the modem at a rate higher
than the link rate.
A-5
COURIER HST
Example 2 -- Received Data
It may be necessary or desirable to stop incoming data
temporarily, for example, in order to review what's on the screen
and take some kind of action. In the following diagram, the
labels indicate operations when three different command options
are used, as follows:
&I1 The user at DTE1 sends an XOFF command to the modem to
have it stop passing on data from the Receive buffer.
The modem also transmits the XOFF to the remote
computer, which stops sending. DCE1 resumes passing
received data to DTE1 when the user sends an XON
signal.
&I2 The user sends the same XON/XOFF commands to DCE1, but
the modem doesn't pass them on to the remote computer.
&R2 DTE1 lowers the Request to Send (RTS) signal at the RS-
232C interface. This signals DCE1 to stop passing on
received data.
Figure A.5 -- Received Data Flow Control
Be sure to review Chapters 3 and 4 before using the error/flow
control commands.
A-6